The gigahertz (GHz) equals one billion hertz, the standard unit for modern CPU clock speeds, Wi-Fi frequencies, and 5G cellular bands. A typical laptop processor runs at 2–5 GHz, while Wi-Fi operates at 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz. One gigahertz equals 1,000 megahertz or one billion cycles per second.

Revolutions per minute (rpm) measures rotational speed, expressing how many complete turns an object makes in one minute. It is the most common unit for engine speed, hard drive spin rates, and power tool specifications worldwide. One rpm equals exactly 1/60 hertz or approximately 0.01667 Hz.